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The Hindu Kush–Himalaya–Karakoram mountain range—often referred to as the “Third Pole” due to its vast glacial reserves—acts as a critical freshwater source for people in South Asia, especially in India and Pakistan.
These ice reserves feed into rivers that flow downstream to India and Pakistan, sustaining the ecosystems, agriculture and domestic water needs of both nations. However, with the rapidly accelerating impacts of climate change, this region has become increasingly vulnerable.
According to studies comparing the periods 2000–2009 and 2010–2019, the rate of glacial melt has increased by 65%, resulting in increased water availability in the short term, but posing serious long-term risks of water scarcity and erratic flow regimes.
For Pakistan, the stakes could not be higher. The country’s economy remains largely agrarian, and attempts to diversify into industrial sectors have been unde...
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